Which best defines federalism?

Federalism is best defined as a division of power between national and local governments. This principle means that authority is shared and divided between different levels of government, such as the national (or federal) government and state or local governments. Each level has its own responsibilities and powers as outlined in a constitution.

In the United States, for example, the Constitution delineates certain powers to the federal government (such as regulating interstate commerce and conducting foreign affairs) while reserving other powers for the states (like managing local law enforcement and education). This division is fundamental to the operation of the U.S. political system, allowing for both a national framework and local governance.

The other choices do not accurately capture the essence of federalism. A centralized system implies that all power is concentrated in one governing body, which contrasts with the decentralized nature of federalism. Limiting government powers speaks to principles of limited government but does not specifically address the division of powers characteristic of federalism. Lastly, a temporary alliance among state governments does not reflect the structured and enduring nature of federalism, which aims at establishing a long-term, functional relationship between different governmental levels.